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French civic exam 2026, History, geography and culture
Which famous Enlightenment philosopher denounced slavery?
An official question of the French civic exam, with its answer and the official text that proves it, in French and English.
Naturalisation no. 156
Quel célèbre philosophe des Lumières a dénoncé l'esclavage ?
Which famous Enlightenment philosopher denounced slavery?
Answer. Montesquieu (also Voltaire or Condorcet).
Montesquieu (aussi Voltaire ou Condorcet).
Montesquieu criticizes slavery in The Spirit of the Laws, in 1748. Voltaire denounces it in Candide, and Condorcet in his Reflections on Negro Slavery. The ministry does not publish the answer choices.
To be confirmed against the four options shown on exam day, which the ministry does not publish.
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Questions from the official lists of the French Ministry of the Interior, quotations from the civic training sheets, the Constitution and the 1789 Declaration, Licence Ouverte Etalab 2.0. This is not a government site. The official sheets are free, in French, on formation-civique.interieur.gouv.fr.
